Introduction
When people first begin studying financial markets, they often focus on price.
Charts display price.
News reports discuss price.
Analysts comment on price.
Investors monitor price.
Because price is visible, it naturally attracts attention.
However, an important question often receives less attention:
What causes price to move in the first place?
A chart displays the result of market activity.
It does not directly display the decisions that created that activity.
Behind every price movement lies participation.
Individuals, institutions, investors, traders, hedgers, and businesses continuously interact within financial markets.
Their collective actions influence the behaviour we observe on charts.
One way to understand market movement is through participation.
If price is the visible outcome, participation is often the underlying force.